Maximum Likelihood Distillation for Robust Modulation Classification

Deep Neural Networks are being extensively used in communication systems and Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) in particular. However, they are very susceptible to small adversarial perturbations that are carefully crafted to change the network decision. In this work, we build on knowledge distillation ideas and adversarial training in order to build more robust AMC systems. We first outline the importance of the quality of the training data in terms of accuracy and robustness of the model. We then propose to use the Maximum Likelihood function, which could solve the AMC problem in offline settings, to generate better training labels. Those labels teach the model to be uncertain in challenging conditions, which permits to increase the accuracy, as well as the robustness of the model when combined with adversarial training. Interestingly, we observe that this increase in performance transfers to online settings, where the Maximum Likelihood function cannot be used in practice. Overall, this work highlights the potential of learning to be uncertain in difficult scenarios, compared to directly removing label noise

Strong inverse association between physical fitness and overweight in adolescents: a large school-based survey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Studies examining the relationship between physical fitness and obesity in children have had mixed results despite their interrelationship making intuitive sense. We examined the relationship between physical fitness and overweight and obesity in a large sample of adolescents in the Republic of Seychelles (Indian Ocean, African region).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>All students of four grades of all secondary schools performed nine physical fitness tests. These tests assessed agility, strength and endurance, and included the multistage shuttle run, a validated measure of maximal oxygen uptake. Weight and height were measured, body mass index (BMI) calculated, and "overweight" and "obesity" were defined based on the criteria of the International Obesity Task Force. We defined "lean" weight as age- and sex-specific BMI <10^thpercentile. Age- and sex-specific percentiles for each fitness test were calculated. "Good" performance was defined as a result ≥75^thpercentile.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Data were available in 2203 boys and 2143 girls from a total of 4599 eligible students aged 12–15 years. The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) was 11.2% (95% confidence interval: 9.9–12.4) in boys and 17.5% (15.9–19.1) in girls. For 7 of the 9 tests, the relationship between BMI and fitness score, as assessed by locally weighted regression, was characterized by a marked inverse J shape. Students with normal body weight achieved "good" performance markedly more often than overweight or obese students on 7 of the 9 tests of fitness and more often than lean children. For example, good performance for the multistage shuttle run was achieved by 25.6% (SE: 2.1) of lean students, 29.6% (0.8) of normal weight students, 7.9% (1.3) of overweight students and 1.2% (0.9) of obese students.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This cross-sectional study shows a strong inverse relationship between fitness and excess body weight in adolescents. Improving fitness in adolescents, likely through increasing physical activity, might need special interventions that are responsive to the ability and needs of overweight children.</p

Amerikanische und Europäische Hypertonie-Richtlinien: welche Auswirkungen haben die transatlantischen Differenzen in der Praxis?

[Zusammenfassung] Vor kurzem wurden europäische und amerikanische Leitlinien für die Behandlung der Hypertonie veröffentlicht. Sie unterscheiden sich in einigen Punkten, die sich auf die klinische Praxis auswirken könnten. Die amerikanischen wie die europäischen Leitlinien messen der Evaluation des absoluten kardiovaskulären Risikos eines Patienten auf der Basis der Blutdruckwerte und anderer kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren besondere Bedeutung zu. Jedoch wird in den amerikanischen Empfehlungen mehr Gewicht auf den Blutdruckwert per se gelegt und eine neue Kategorie, die so genannte «Prähypertonie», definiert. Auch in der Initialbehandlung unterscheiden sich die beiden Expertengruppen. [Autoren] [Résumé] Récemment, européens et américains ont publié des recommandations de pratique clinique pour la prise en charge de l'hypertension artérielle. Elles différent sur certains points qui peuvent avoir un impact sur la pratique clinique. Américains comme européens insistent sur l'importance de l'évaluation du risque cardiovasculaire absolu de chaque patient en fonction de la pression artérielle et des autres facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire. Toutefois, dans les recommandations américaines, une plus grande importance est donnée à la valeur de la pression artérielle per se. Ainsi, ils définissent une nouvelle catégorie de pression artérielle, la «pré-hypertension» (pour de pression de 120-139 / 80-89 mmHg) qui correspond aux catégories «normale» ou «normale haute» des européens. Le but de cet article est de résumer quelques points clé de ces recommandations et de discuter l'implication que cela peut avoir pour la pratique. [Auteurs]]]> Hypertension ; Practice Guidelines as Topic oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_4E95F9F3518B 2022-05-07T01:17:37Z <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_4E95F9F3518B A prognostic score to identify low-risk outpatients with acute deep vein thrombosis in the upper extremity. info:doi:10.1111/jth.13008 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1111/jth.13008 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/25980766 Rosa-Salazar, V. Trujillo-Santos, J. Díaz Peromingo, J.A. Apollonio, A. Sanz, O. Malý, R. Muñoz-Rodriguez, F.J. Serrano, J.C. Soler, S. Monreal, M. RIETE Investigators Decousus, H. Prandoni, P. Brenner, B. Barba, R. Di Micco, P. Bertoletti, L. Schellong, S. Tzoran, I. Reis, A. Bosevski, M. Bounameaux, H. Wells, P. Papadakis, M. Adarraga, MD. Alibalic, A. Alvarado-Faria, A. Arcelus, JI. Auguet, T. Ballaz, A. Barrón, M. Barrón-Andrés, B. Bascuñana, J. Benítez, JF. Blanco-Molina, A. Bueso, T. Cañas, A. Casado, A. Castejón-Pina, N. Chaves, EL. Del Molino, F. Del Toro, J. Falgá, C. Fernández-Capitán, C. Font, L. Gallego, P. García-Bragado, F. García-Ortega, A. Gómez, V. González, J. González-Marcano, D. Grau, E. Guijarro, R. Guil, M. Guirado, L. Gutiérrez-Guisado, J. Hernández-Blasco, L. Jara-Palomares, L. Jaras, MJ. Jiménez, D. Jiménez, R. Lacruz, B. Lecumberri, R. Lobo, JL. López-Jiménez, L. López-Montes, L. López-Reyes, R. López-Sáez, JB. Lorente, MA. Lorenzo, A. Madridano, O. Maestre, A. Marchena, PJ. Martín-Antorán, JM. Martín-Martos, F. Morales, MV. Nauffal, D. Nieto, JA. Núñez, MJ. Otalora, S. Otero, R. Pagán, B. Pedrajas, JM. Peris, ML. Pons, I. Porras, JA. Riera-Mestre, A. Rivas, A. Rodríguez-Dávila, MA. Ruiz-Giménez, N. Sabio, P. Sampériz, A. Sánchez, R. Soto, MJ. Suriñach, JM. Tiberio, G. Tirado, R. Tolosa, C. Uresandi, F. Valero, B. Valle, R. Vela, J. Villalobos, A. Villalta, J. Malfante, P. Verhamme, P. Vanassche, T. Tomko, T. Hirmerova, J. Bura-Riviere, A. Farge-Bancel, D. Hij, A. Mahe, I. Merah, A. Moustafa, F. Quere, I. Babalis, D. Tzinieris, I. Braester, A. Barillari, G. Bucherini, E. Campodomico, J. Ciammaichella, M. Ferrazzi, P. Maida, R. Pace, F. Pasca, S. Pesavento, R. Piovella, C. Rota, L. Tiraferri, E. Tufano, A. Visonà, A. Skride, A. Belovs, A. Moreira, M. Ribeiro, JL. Sousa, MS. Alatri, A. Calanca, L. Mazzolai, L. info:eu-repo/semantics/article article 2015 Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : Jth, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 1274-1278 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1538-7836 urn:issn:1538-7836 <![CDATA[BACKGROUND: No studies have identified which patients with upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are at low risk for adverse events within the first week of therapy. METHODS: We used data from Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbólica to explore in patients with upper-extremity DVT a prognostic score that correctly identified patients with lower limb DVT at low risk for pulmonary embolism, major bleeding, or death within the first week. RESULTS: As of December 2014, 1135 outpatients with upper-extremity DVT were recruited. Of these, 515 (45%) were treated at home. During the first week, three patients (0.26%) experienced pulmonary embolism, two (0.18%) had major bleeding, and four (0.35%) died. We assigned 1 point to patients with chronic heart failure, creatinine clearance levels 30-60 mL min(-1) , recent bleeding, abnormal platelet count, recent immobility, or cancer without metastases; 2 points to those with metastatic cancer; and 3 points to those with creatinine clearance levels &lt; 30 mL min(-1) . Overall, 759 (67%) patients scored ≤ 1 point and were considered to be at low risk. The rate of the composite outcome within the first week was 0.26% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.004-0.87) in patients at low risk and 1.86% (95% CI 0.81-3.68) in the remaining patients. C-statistics was 0.73 (95% CI 0.57-0.88). Net reclassification improvement was 22%, and integrated discrimination improvement was 0.0055. CONCLUSIONS: Using six easily available variables, we identified outpatients with upper-extremity DVT at low risk for adverse events within the first week. These data may help to safely treat more patients at home

Body image perception and weight-related behaviour among adolescents of the Seychelles

Background: We examined one's own body image perception and its association with reported weight-related behavior among adolescents of a rapidly developing country in the African region. Methods: We conducted a school-based survey of 1432 students aged 11-17 years in the Seychelles. Weight and height were measured, and thinness, normal weight and overweight were assessed along standard criteria. A self-administered and anonymous questionnaire was administered. Perception of body image was assessed using both a closed-ended question (CEQ) and the Stunkard's pictorial silhouettes (SPS). Finally, a question assessed voluntary attempts to change weight. Results: Overall, 14.1% of the students were thin, 63.9% were normal-weight, and 22.0% were overweight or obese. There was fair agreement between actual weight status and self-perceived body image based on either CEQ or SPS. However, a substantial proportion of the overweight students did not consider themselves as overweight (SPS: 24%, CEQ: 34%) and, inversely, a substantial proportion of the normal-weight students considered themselves as too thin (SPS: 29%, CEQ: 15%). Among the overweight students, an adequate attempt to lose weight was reported more often by boys and girls who perceived themselves as overweight vs. not overweight (72-88% vs. 40-71%, p &lt;0.05 for most comparisons). Among the normal-weight students, an inadequate attempt to gain weight was reported more often by boys and girls who perceived themselves as thin vs. not thin (27-68% vs. 11-19%, p &lt;0.05). Girls had leaner own body ideals than boys. Conclusions: We found that substantial proportions of overweight students did not perceive themselves as overweight and/or did not want to lose weight and, inversely, that many normalweight students perceived themselves as too thin and/or wanted to gain weight: this points to forces that can drive the upwards overweight trends. Appropriate perception of one's weight was associated with adequate weight-control behavior, although not strongly, emphasizing that appropriate weight perception is only one of several factors driving adequate weight-related behavior. These findings emphasize the need to address appropriate perception of one's own weight and adequate weight-related behavior in adolescents for both individual and community weight-related interventions